2021年英语一真题及答案（二） 2022年全国研究生考试即将到来，英语考试是每年的重头戏，最后的复习时间里，大家一定要多刷题，练手感，小编今日为大家准备了2021年考研英语一的真题以及答案详解，我们一起来看看阅读理解部分，以下是阅读部分试题及答案。
阅读理解试题 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1 How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. ...? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. ...The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, ..., more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares ______. A. will ease train operators’ burden B. has kept pace with inflation C. is a big surprise to commuters D. remains an unreasonable measure
答案 【答案】D(remains an unreasonable measure) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词rail passengers fares定位到第一段①句。①句没有体现作者的观点，因此往下看一句，定位到②句：It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual ... imposing a significant extra burden on those...由grimly(冷酷地，讨厌地)和a significant extra burden(一个巨大的额外负担)可知，作者对铁路乘客车费上涨的态度是负面的。再根据题干关键词this year’s increase定位到第一段③句：This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.(今年平均2.7%的上涨，也许比去年的上涨稍微低一些，但是它仍然远远高于官方消费者物价指数衡量的通货膨胀程度)。由此进一步确定车费上涨是unreasonable(不合理的)。所以本题选D。
22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for ______.
A. car drivers B. rail travellers C. local investors D. ordinary taxpayers
答案 【答案】B(rail travellers) 【解析】本题为例证题。根据题干关键词stockbroker定位到例子所在句，即第二段②句：Why ... should a car-driving pensioner ... have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker...?(为什么一个开车的养老金领取者必须要补贴一个股票经纪人的日常通勤呢?)再找到前面的论点句：Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer(历届政府允许这种上涨，因为投资和运营铁路网的成本应该由使用它的人们来承担，而不是一般纳税人)。这段论述认为，没有使用铁路网的一般纳税人如开车的养老金领取者不应该承担铁路网成本，使用铁路网的人如股票经纪人才应该承担此成本。定位句中的stockbroker指的就是论点句中的those who use it。所以本题选B。
23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators ______.
A. are offering compensation to commuters B. are trying to repair relations with the unions C. have failed to provide an adequate service D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes
答案 【答案】C(have failed to provide an adequate service) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词train operators定位到第三段②句：It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel(火车运营商宣扬他们对铁路网作出的改进无可非议，但考虑到乘客如今为出行支付的大量费用，他们理应能够期待基本水平的服务)。可见，火车运营商没能提供合格的服务。所以本题选C。
24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ______.
A. the loss of investment B. the collapse of operations C. a reduction of revenue D. a change of ownership
答案 【答案】D(a change of ownership) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词If unable to calm down passengers定位到第四段④句：The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order(国有化的威胁也许暂时可以避免，但是，如果乘客的正当愤怒不能被立即解决，这种威胁会卷土重来)。If unable to calm down passengers是if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order的同义表达。可见，如果铁路公司不能让乘客镇静下来，铁路公司将会面临国有化的威胁，即所有权的变更。所以本题选D。
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes? B. Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work C. Can Nationalisation Bring Hope? D. Ever-Rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
答案 【答案】D(Ever-Rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable) 【解析】本题为主旨大意题。文章首段提出铁路乘客车费再次上涨的问题，即文章讨论的主题;二段简单阐述历届政府允许车费上涨的理由;三至四段聚焦于乘客所付车费和享受到的服务不对等的问题，作者认为乘客应该受到补偿，英国铁路服务标准必须得到保障，并指出如果服务得不到保障，乘客将不会无止境地支付更多车费。D项中的Ever-Rising Fares(不断上涨的车费)是文章讨论的主题，Aren’t Sustainable(是不可持续的)是作者的观点。D项完整地概括了全文内容。所以本题选D。
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. ... In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. ...
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. Ferraro separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, ..., “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment, Ferraro says. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ______. A. facilitate health care reform B. help poor families get better off C. improve local education systems D. lower deforestation rates
答案 【答案】B(help poor families get better off) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词first two paragraphs，CCT programs和aim to定位到第二段②句，其中aim to对应are designed to：Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty。help poor families get better off是对break the cycle of poverty的同义替换。所以本题选B。
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that ______.
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
答案 【答案】D(economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation) 【解析】本题为例证题。根据题干关键词The study based on an area in Mexico定位到第四段③句，再找到前面的论点句：That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty。所以本题选D。
点击空白答题丨淡出动画 28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ______.
A. its acceptance level of CCTs B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss D. the role of its forests in climate change
答案 【答案】C(the relation of CCTs to its forest loss) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Indonesia和Ferraro，并结合题文同序原则定位到第五段②句：Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation。the relation of CCTs to its forest loss是对Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation的同义替换，其中CCTs对应Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program，forest loss对应deforestation。所以本题选C。
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that ______.
A. it will benefit other Asian countries B. it will reduce regional inequality C. it can protect the environment D. it can boost grain production
答案 【答案】C(it can protect the environment) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Ferraro，program和valuable定位到第八段④句：Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”。由④句可知，Ferraro认为“即使CCT项目不能减少贫困，仅就二氧化碳排放量而言，避免森林砍伐的价值也超过了该项目的成本”。故可推知Ferraro认为CCT项目能够保护环境，因此具有重要价值。所以本题选C。
30. What is the text centered on? A. The effects of a program. B. The debates over a program. C. The process of a study. D. The transferability of a study.
答案 【答案】A(The effects of a program.) 【解析】本题为主旨大意题。文章首段由印度尼西亚的rate of deforestation has slowed in pace(森林砍伐速度下降)以及推动该转变的antipoverty program(扶贫项目)引出话题;随后二至四段指出旨在扶贫的CCT项目重视经济发展，这可能会对环境产生不良影响;五至八段作者借经济学家Ferraro的研究指出，CCT项目其实有助于减少森林砍伐量，反而对保护环境有积极影响。故本文集中讨论了CCT项目对于环境的effects(影响)，A项符合。所以本题选A。
Text 3
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, ... How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, .., and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter ______. A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography
答案 【答案】A(changed people’s impression of the Victorians) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 1和the author’s posts on Twitter定位到第一段②句：I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir。③句进一步解释stir，即People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh。A项changed people’s impression of the Victorians是对该句的概括。所以本题选A。
32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians. B. They are rare among photographs of that age. C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions. D. They show effects of different exposure times.
答案 【答案】B(They are rare among photographs of that age.) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词the Victorian portraits he has collected定位到第二段①句中的my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900。They are rare among photographs of that age是对makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900的概括总结。所以本题选B。
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness. B. Their tension before the camera. C. Their distrust of new inventions. D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
答案 【答案】D(Their unhealthy dental condition.) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s定位到第四段②句Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile。该句指出在19世纪90年代，自然的微笑相对容易捕捉，因此需要寻找其他的原因。紧接着第五段作出另一种可能的解释，其中第五段②句中的before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene说明了口腔卫生状况常常令人震惊，导致维多利亚人拍照时不露齿笑，对应了Their unhealthy dental condition。所以本题选D。
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______.
A. a deep-rooted belief B. a misguided attitude C. a controversial view D. a thought-provoking idea
答案 【答案】A(a deep-root belief) 【解析】本题为例证题。根据题干关键词Mark Twain定位到第六段②句，该句引用了Mark Twain的具体话语。再向前寻找他所要证明的观点，从而定位到第六段①句A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class，即“露齿微笑缺少修养”，这是一种根深蒂固的观念，对应A项a deep-root belief。所以本题选A。
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs? B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs? C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period? D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
答案 【答案】A(Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?) 【解析】本题为主旨大意题。全文前两段提出维多利亚时代人们拍照时普遍不会微笑这一现象，接下来第三段至第六段分别从曝光时间，牙齿健康状况以及固有观念这三方面分析现象背后的原因，因此A项Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?是对原文主旨的概括。所以本题选A。
Text 4
From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals’. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
The commission argued that the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36. There has long been concern that broadband providers would ______. A. bring web-based firms under control B. slow down the traffic on their network C. show partiality in treating clients D. intensify competition with their rivals
答案 【答案】C(show partiality in treating clients) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词long been concern that broadband providers定位到第一段①句：From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals，题干中long与文中From the early days of broadband对应，concern与worried对应，the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections与broadband providers对应。show partiality in treating clients(不公平对待客户)是对favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals(相对于竞争对手的网站和服务，它们偏袒自己或合作伙伴的)的合理推断。所以本题选C。
37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC ______.
A. sticks to an out-of-date order B. takes an anti-regulatory stance C. has issued a special resolution D. has allowed the states to intervene
答案 【答案】B(takes an anti-regulatory stance) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词neutrality rules和the FCC定位到第二段③④句，且由④⑤句The Republican-penned order … The order also …可知，⑤句与④句并列。③句指出“在哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院问题的焦点是FCC针对网络中立性的最新观点”;④句阐释FCC的最新观点(其中句首The Republican-penned order字面意思为“由共和党执笔的规定”，根据④句提到的when it had a Democratic majority in 2015，即“2015年民主党人占FCC的多数”可推知，The Republican-penned order出台时共和党人占FCC的多数，故The … order指代“FCC的规定”，也即③句所述FCC的最新观点)：不仅取消了严格的网络中立性规则，而且拒绝了该委员会要求宽带提供商除了披露其服务信息之外做其他任何事情的权力;⑤句补充指出：该规定还宣布州和地方政府也不能监管宽带提供商。综上可推知，FCC采取反监管立场。所以本题选B。 【注】本题也可借助第五段首句提到的the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality(FCC试图阻止所有关于网络中立性的州规)解题，据此推知FCC的立场是“反对监管”。
38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
A. It protects against unfair competition. B.It engages in anti-competitive practices. C. It is under the FCC’s investigation. D. It is in pursuit of quality service.
答案 【答案】B(It engages in anti-competitive practices.) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词AT&T定位到第三段①句：The commission argued that the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice would protect consumers and websites against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV。由such as引出事例的功能可知，a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service...是以AT&T为例，对anti-competitive behavior(反竞争行为)予以说明，因此可知AT&T参与了反竞争行为。所以本题选B。
39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision ______.
A. focuses on trivialities B. conveys an ambiguous message C. is at odds with its earlier rulings D. is out of touch with reality
答案 【答案】D(is out of touch with reality) 【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Judge Patricia Millett定位到第四段②句：But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said...，结合①句(On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order...)可知，引号中the result指代题干中的the appeals court’s decision。is out of touch with reality(脱离现实)是对is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service(脱离了现代宽带服务的现实)的同义替换。所以本题选D。
40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality. B. The FCC should be put under strict supervision. C. Rules need to be set to diversify online services. D. Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.
答案 【答案】A(Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.) 【解析】本题为推断题。根据the last paragraph定位到最后一段。本段首句指出“没完没了的法律斗争和联邦通信委员会的反反复复迫切需要国会采取行动”，第二句进一步介绍国会应采取的行动(句首It指代Congress)：需要给予委员会明确的权力，一劳永逸地禁止宽带提供商干预其网络上的流量，并制定明确的规则来保护网络的开放性和创新。Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality(国会需要采取行动确保网络中立)是对本段内容的合理推断，其中take action与首句中act对应，to ensure net neutrality是对to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online的概括总结。所以本题选A。
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